# -*- test-case-name: twisted.python.test.test_util -*-
# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.
from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
import os, sys, errno, warnings
try:
import pwd, grp
except ImportError:
pwd = grp = None
try:
from os import setgroups, getgroups
except ImportError:
setgroups = getgroups = None
from twisted.python.compat import _PY3, unicode
from incremental import Version
from twisted.python.deprecate import deprecatedModuleAttribute
from twisted.python._oldstyle import _oldStyle, _replaceIf
# For backwards compatibility, some things import this, so just link it
from collections import OrderedDict
deprecatedModuleAttribute(
Version("Twisted", 15, 5, 0),
"Use collections.OrderedDict instead.",
"twisted.python.util",
"OrderedDict")
@_oldStyle
class InsensitiveDict:
"""
Dictionary, that has case-insensitive keys.
Normally keys are retained in their original form when queried with
.keys() or .items(). If initialized with preserveCase=0, keys are both
looked up in lowercase and returned in lowercase by .keys() and .items().
"""
"""
Modified recipe at
http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/66315 originally
contributed by Sami Hangaslammi.
"""
def __init__(self, dict=None, preserve=1):
"""
Create an empty dictionary, or update from 'dict'.
"""
self.data = {}
self.preserve=preserve
if dict:
self.update(dict)
def __delitem__(self, key):
k=self._lowerOrReturn(key)
del self.data[k]
def _lowerOrReturn(self, key):
if isinstance(key, bytes) or isinstance(key, unicode):
return key.lower()
else:
return key
def __getitem__(self, key):
"""
Retrieve the value associated with 'key' (in any case).
"""
k = self._lowerOrReturn(key)
return self.data[k][1]
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
"""
Associate 'value' with 'key'. If 'key' already exists, but
in different case, it will be replaced.
"""
k = self._lowerOrReturn(key)
self.data[k] = (key, value)
def has_key(self, key):
"""
Case insensitive test whether 'key' exists.
"""
k = self._lowerOrReturn(key)
return k in self.data
__contains__ = has_key
def _doPreserve(self, key):
if not self.preserve and (isinstance(key, bytes)
or isinstance(key, unicode)):
return key.lower()
else:
return key
def keys(self):
"""
List of keys in their original case.
"""
return list(self.iterkeys())
def values(self):
"""
List of values.
"""
return list(self.itervalues())
def items(self):
"""
List of (key,value) pairs.
"""
return list(self.iteritems())
def get(self, key, default=None):
"""
Retrieve value associated with 'key' or return default value
if 'key' doesn't exist.
"""
try:
return self[key]
except KeyError:
return default
def setdefault(self, key, default):
"""
If 'key' doesn't exist, associate it with the 'default' value.
Return value associated with 'key'.
"""
if not self.has_key(key):
self[key] = default
return self[key]
def update(self, dict):
"""
Copy (key,value) pairs from 'dict'.
"""
for k,v in dict.items():
self[k] = v
def __repr__(self):
"""
String representation of the dictionary.
"""
items = ", ".join([("%r: %r" % (k,v)) for k,v in self.items()])
return "InsensitiveDict({%s})" % items
def iterkeys(self):
for v in self.data.values():
yield self._doPreserve(v[0])
def itervalues(self):
for v in self.data.values():
yield v[1]
def iteritems(self):
for (k, v) in self.data.values():
yield self._doPreserve(k), v
def popitem(self):
i=self.items()[0]
del self[i[0]]
return i
def clear(self):
for k in self.keys():
del self[k]
def copy(self):
return InsensitiveDict(self, self.preserve)
def __len__(self):
return len(self.data)
def __eq__(self, other):
for k,v in self.items():
if not (k in other) or not (other[k]==v):
return 0
return len(self)==len(other)
def uniquify(lst):
"""
Make the elements of a list unique by inserting them into a dictionary.
This must not change the order of the input lst.
"""
dct = {}
result = []
for k in lst:
if k not in dct:
result.append(k)
dct[k] = 1
return result
def padTo(n, seq, default=None):
"""
Pads a sequence out to n elements,
filling in with a default value if it is not long enough.
If the input sequence is longer than n, raises ValueError.
Details, details:
This returns a new list; it does not extend the original sequence.
The new list contains the values of the original sequence, not copies.
"""
if len(seq) > n:
raise ValueError("%d elements is more than %d." % (len(seq), n))
blank = [default] * n
blank[:len(seq)] = list(seq)
return blank
def getPluginDirs():
warnings.warn(
"twisted.python.util.getPluginDirs is deprecated since Twisted 12.2.",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
import twisted
systemPlugins = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(
os.path.abspath(twisted.__file__))), 'plugins')
userPlugins = os.path.expanduser("~/TwistedPlugins")
confPlugins = os.path.expanduser("~/.twisted")
allPlugins = filter(os.path.isdir, [systemPlugins, userPlugins, confPlugins])
return allPlugins
def addPluginDir():
warnings.warn(
"twisted.python.util.addPluginDir is deprecated since Twisted 12.2.",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
sys.path.extend(getPluginDirs())
def sibpath(path, sibling):
"""
Return the path to a sibling of a file in the filesystem.
This is useful in conjunction with the special C{__file__} attribute
that Python provides for modules, so modules can load associated
resource files.
"""
return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(path)), sibling)
def _getpass(prompt):
"""
Helper to turn IOErrors into KeyboardInterrupts.
"""
import getpass
try:
return getpass.getpass(prompt)
except IOError as e:
if e.errno == errno.EINTR:
raise KeyboardInterrupt
raise
except EOFError:
raise KeyboardInterrupt
def getPassword(prompt = 'Password: ', confirm = 0, forceTTY = 0,
confirmPrompt = 'Confirm password: ',
mismatchMessage = "Passwords don't match."):
"""
Obtain a password by prompting or from stdin.
If stdin is a terminal, prompt for a new password, and confirm (if
C{confirm} is true) by asking again to make sure the user typed the same
thing, as keystrokes will not be echoed.
If stdin is not a terminal, and C{forceTTY} is not true, read in a line
and use it as the password, less the trailing newline, if any. If
C{forceTTY} is true, attempt to open a tty and prompt for the password
using it. Raise a RuntimeError if this is not possible.
@returns: C{str}
"""
isaTTY = hasattr(sys.stdin, 'isatty') and sys.stdin.isatty()
old = None
try:
if not isaTTY:
if forceTTY:
try:
old = sys.stdin, sys.stdout
sys.stdin = sys.stdout = open('/dev/tty', 'r+')
except:
raise RuntimeError("Cannot obtain a TTY")
else:
password = sys.stdin.readline()
if password[-1] == '\n':
password = password[:-1]
return password
while 1:
try1 = _getpass(prompt)
if not confirm:
return try1
try2 = _getpass(confirmPrompt)
if try1 == try2:
return try1
else:
sys.stderr.write(mismatchMessage + "\n")
finally:
if old:
sys.stdin.close()
sys.stdin, sys.stdout = old
def println(*a):
sys.stdout.write(' '.join(map(str, a))+'\n')
# XXX
# This does not belong here
# But where does it belong?
def str_xor(s, b):
return ''.join([chr(ord(c) ^ b) for c in s])
def makeStatBar(width, maxPosition, doneChar = '=', undoneChar = '-', currentChar = '>'):
"""
Creates a function that will return a string representing a progress bar.
"""
aValue = width / float(maxPosition)
def statBar(position, force = 0, last = ['']):
assert len(last) == 1, "Don't mess with the last parameter."
done = int(aValue * position)
toDo = width - done - 2
result = "[%s%s%s]" % (doneChar * done, currentChar, undoneChar * toDo)
if force:
last[0] = result
return result
if result == last[0]:
return ''
last[0] = result
return result
statBar.__doc__ = """statBar(position, force = 0) -> '[%s%s%s]'-style progress bar
returned string is %d characters long, and the range goes from 0..%d.
The 'position' argument is where the '%s' will be drawn. If force is false,
'' will be returned instead if the resulting progress bar is identical to the
previously returned progress bar.
""" % (doneChar * 3, currentChar, undoneChar * 3, width, maxPosition, currentChar)
return statBar
def spewer(frame, s, ignored):
"""
A trace function for sys.settrace that prints every function or method call.
"""
from twisted.python import reflect
if 'self' in frame.f_locals:
se = frame.f_locals['self']
if hasattr(se, '__class__'):
k = reflect.qual(se.__class__)
else:
k = reflect.qual(type(se))
print('method %s of %s at %s' % (
frame.f_code.co_name, k, id(se)))
else:
print('function %s in %s, line %s' % (
frame.f_code.co_name,
frame.f_code.co_filename,
frame.f_lineno))
def searchupwards(start, files=[], dirs=[]):
"""
Walk upwards from start, looking for a directory containing
all files and directories given as arguments::
>>> searchupwards('.', ['foo.txt'], ['bar', 'bam'])
If not found, return None
"""
start=os.path.abspath(start)
parents=start.split(os.sep)
exists=os.path.exists; join=os.sep.join; isdir=os.path.isdir
while len(parents):
candidate=join(parents)+os.sep
allpresent=1
for f in files:
if not exists("%s%s" % (candidate, f)):
allpresent=0
break
if allpresent:
for d in dirs:
if not isdir("%s%s" % (candidate, d)):
allpresent=0
break
if allpresent: return candidate
parents.pop(-1)
return None
@_oldStyle
class LineLog:
"""
A limited-size line-based log, useful for logging line-based
protocols such as SMTP.
When the log fills up, old entries drop off the end.
"""
def __init__(self, size=10):
"""
Create a new log, with size lines of storage (default 10).
A log size of 0 (or less) means an infinite log.
"""
if size < 0:
size = 0
self.log = [None] * size
self.size = size
def append(self,line):
if self.size:
self.log[:-1] = self.log[1:]
self.log[-1] = line
else:
self.log.append(line)
def str(self):
return bytes(self)
if not _PY3:
def __str__(self):
return self.__bytes__()
def __bytes__(self):
return b'\n'.join(filter(None, self.log))
def __getitem__(self, item):
return filter(None, self.log)[item]
def clear(self):
"""
Empty the log.
"""
self.log = [None] * self.size
def raises(exception, f, *args, **kwargs):
"""
Determine whether the given call raises the given exception.
"""
try:
f(*args, **kwargs)
except exception:
return 1
return 0
class IntervalDifferential(object):
"""
Given a list of intervals, generate the amount of time to sleep between
"instants".
For example, given 7, 11 and 13, the three (infinite) sequences::
7 14 21 28 35 ...
11 22 33 44 ...
13 26 39 52 ...
will be generated, merged, and used to produce::
(7, 0) (4, 1) (2, 2) (1, 0) (7, 0) (1, 1) (4, 2) (2, 0) (5, 1) (2, 0)
New intervals may be added or removed as iteration proceeds using the
proper methods.
"""
def __init__(self, intervals, default=60):
"""
@type intervals: C{list} of C{int}, C{long}, or C{float} param
@param intervals: The intervals between instants.
@type default: C{int}, C{long}, or C{float}
@param default: The duration to generate if the intervals list
becomes empty.
"""
self.intervals = intervals[:]
self.default = default
def __iter__(self):
return _IntervalDifferentialIterator(self.intervals, self.default)
class _IntervalDifferentialIterator(object):
def __init__(self, i, d):
self.intervals = [[e, e, n] for (e, n) in zip(i, range(len(i)))]
self.default = d
self.last = 0
def __next__(self):
if not self.intervals:
return (self.default, None)
last, index = self.intervals[0][0], self.intervals[0][2]
self.intervals[0][0] += self.intervals[0][1]
self.intervals.sort()
result = last - self.last
self.last = last
return result, index
# Iterators on Python 2 use next(), not __next__()
next = __next__
def addInterval(self, i):
if self.intervals:
delay = self.intervals[0][0] - self.intervals[0][1]
self.intervals.append([delay + i, i, len(self.intervals)])
self.intervals.sort()
else:
self.intervals.append([i, i, 0])
def removeInterval(self, interval):
for i in range(len(self.intervals)):
if self.intervals[i][1] == interval:
index = self.intervals[i][2]
del self.intervals[i]
for i in self.intervals:
if i[2] > index:
i[2] -= 1
return
raise ValueError("Specified interval not in IntervalDifferential")
@_oldStyle
class FancyStrMixin:
"""
Mixin providing a flexible implementation of C{__str__}.
C{__str__} output will begin with the name of the class, or the contents
of the attribute C{fancybasename} if it is set.
The body of C{__str__} can be controlled by overriding C{showAttributes} in
a subclass. Set C{showAttributes} to a sequence of strings naming
attributes, or sequences of C{(attributeName, callable)}, or sequences of
C{(attributeName, displayName, formatCharacter)}. In the second case, the
callable is passed the value of the attribute and its return value used in
the output of C{__str__}. In the final case, the attribute is looked up
using C{attributeName}, but the output uses C{displayName} instead, and
renders the value of the attribute using C{formatCharacter}, e.g. C{"%.3f"}
might be used for a float.
"""
# Override in subclasses:
showAttributes = ()
def __str__(self):
r = ['<', (hasattr(self, 'fancybasename') and self.fancybasename)
or self.__class__.__name__]
for attr in self.showAttributes:
if isinstance(attr, str):
r.append(' %s=%r' % (attr, getattr(self, attr)))
elif len(attr) == 2:
r.append((' %s=' % (attr[0],)) + attr[1](getattr(self, attr[0])))
else:
r.append((' %s=' + attr[2]) % (attr[1], getattr(self, attr[0])))
r.append('>')
return ''.join(r)
__repr__ = __str__
@_oldStyle
class FancyEqMixin:
"""
Mixin that implements C{__eq__} and C{__ne__}.
Comparison is done using the list of attributes defined in
C{compareAttributes}.
"""
compareAttributes = ()
def __eq__(self, other):
if not self.compareAttributes:
return self is other
if isinstance(self, other.__class__):
return (
[getattr(self, name) for name in self.compareAttributes] ==
[getattr(other, name) for name in self.compareAttributes])
return NotImplemented
def __ne__(self, other):
result = self.__eq__(other)
if result is NotImplemented:
return result
return not result
try:
# initgroups is available in Python 2.7+ on UNIX-likes
from os import initgroups as _initgroups
except ImportError:
_initgroups = None
if _initgroups is None:
def initgroups(uid, primaryGid):
"""
Do nothing.
Underlying platform support require to manipulate groups is missing.
"""
else:
def initgroups(uid, primaryGid):
"""
Initializes the group access list.
This uses the stdlib support which calls initgroups(3) under the hood.
If the given user is a member of more than C{NGROUPS}, arbitrary
groups will be silently discarded to bring the number below that
limit.
@type uid: C{int}
@param uid: The UID for which to look up group information.
@type primaryGid: C{int} or L{None}
@param primaryGid: If provided, an additional GID to include when
setting the groups.
"""
return _initgroups(pwd.getpwuid(uid)[0], primaryGid)
def switchUID(uid, gid, euid=False):
"""
Attempts to switch the uid/euid and gid/egid for the current process.
If C{uid} is the same value as L{os.getuid} (or L{os.geteuid}),
this function will issue a L{UserWarning} and not raise an exception.
@type uid: C{int} or L{None}
@param uid: the UID (or EUID) to switch the current process to. This
parameter will be ignored if the value is L{None}.
@type gid: C{int} or L{None}
@param gid: the GID (or EGID) to switch the current process to. This
parameter will be ignored if the value is L{None}.
@type euid: C{bool}
@param euid: if True, set only effective user-id rather than real user-id.
(This option has no effect unless the process is running
as root, in which case it means not to shed all
privileges, retaining the option to regain privileges
in cases such as spawning processes. Use with caution.)
"""
if euid:
setuid = os.seteuid
setgid = os.setegid
getuid = os.geteuid
else:
setuid = os.setuid
setgid = os.setgid
getuid = os.getuid
if gid is not None:
setgid(gid)
if uid is not None:
if uid == getuid():
uidText = (euid and "euid" or "uid")
actionText = "tried to drop privileges and set%s %s" % (uidText, uid)
problemText = "%s is already %s" % (uidText, getuid())
warnings.warn("%s but %s; should we be root? Continuing."
% (actionText, problemText))
else:
initgroups(uid, gid)
setuid(uid)
class SubclassableCStringIO(object):
"""
A wrapper around cStringIO to allow for subclassing.
"""
__csio = None
def __init__(self, *a, **kw):
from cStringIO import StringIO
self.__csio = StringIO(*a, **kw)
def __iter__(self):
return self.__csio.__iter__()
def next(self):
return self.__csio.next()
def close(self):
return self.__csio.close()
def isatty(self):
return self.__csio.isatty()
def seek(self, pos, mode=0):
return self.__csio.seek(pos, mode)
def tell(self):
return self.__csio.tell()
def read(self, n=-1):
return self.__csio.read(n)
def readline(self, length=None):
return self.__csio.readline(length)
def readlines(self, sizehint=0):
return self.__csio.readlines(sizehint)
def truncate(self, size=None):
return self.__csio.truncate(size)
def write(self, s):
return self.__csio.write(s)
def writelines(self, list):
return self.__csio.writelines(list)
def flush(self):
return self.__csio.flush()
def getvalue(self):
return self.__csio.getvalue()
def untilConcludes(f, *a, **kw):
"""
Call C{f} with the given arguments, handling C{EINTR} by retrying.
@param f: A function to call.
@param *a: Positional arguments to pass to C{f}.
@param **kw: Keyword arguments to pass to C{f}.
@return: Whatever C{f} returns.
@raise: Whatever C{f} raises, except for C{IOError} or C{OSError} with
C{errno} set to C{EINTR}.
"""
while True:
try:
return f(*a, **kw)
except (IOError, OSError) as e:
if e.args[0] == errno.EINTR:
continue
raise
def mergeFunctionMetadata(f, g):
"""
Overwrite C{g}'s name and docstring with values from C{f}. Update
C{g}'s instance dictionary with C{f}'s.
@return: A function that has C{g}'s behavior and metadata merged from
C{f}.
"""
try:
g.__name__ = f.__name__
except TypeError:
pass
try:
g.__doc__ = f.__doc__
except (TypeError, AttributeError):
pass
try:
g.__dict__.update(f.__dict__)
except (TypeError, AttributeError):
pass
try:
g.__module__ = f.__module__
except TypeError:
pass
return g
def nameToLabel(mname):
"""
Convert a string like a variable name into a slightly more human-friendly
string with spaces and capitalized letters.
@type mname: C{str}
@param mname: The name to convert to a label. This must be a string
which could be used as a Python identifier. Strings which do not take
this form will result in unpredictable behavior.
@rtype: C{str}
"""
labelList = []
word = ''
lastWasUpper = False
for letter in mname:
if letter.isupper() == lastWasUpper:
# Continuing a word.
word += letter
else:
# breaking a word OR beginning a word
if lastWasUpper:
# could be either
if len(word) == 1:
# keep going
word += letter
else:
# acronym
# we're processing the lowercase letter after the acronym-then-capital
lastWord = word[:-1]
firstLetter = word[-1]
labelList.append(lastWord)
word = firstLetter + letter
else:
# definitely breaking: lower to upper
labelList.append(word)
word = letter
lastWasUpper = letter.isupper()
if labelList:
labelList[0] = labelList[0].capitalize()
else:
return mname.capitalize()
labelList.append(word)
return ' '.join(labelList)
def uidFromString(uidString):
"""
Convert a user identifier, as a string, into an integer UID.
@type uid: C{str}
@param uid: A string giving the base-ten representation of a UID or the
name of a user which can be converted to a UID via L{pwd.getpwnam}.
@rtype: C{int}
@return: The integer UID corresponding to the given string.
@raise ValueError: If the user name is supplied and L{pwd} is not
available.
"""
try:
return int(uidString)
except ValueError:
if pwd is None:
raise
return pwd.getpwnam(uidString)[2]
def gidFromString(gidString):
"""
Convert a group identifier, as a string, into an integer GID.
@type uid: C{str}
@param uid: A string giving the base-ten representation of a GID or the
name of a group which can be converted to a GID via L{grp.getgrnam}.
@rtype: C{int}
@return: The integer GID corresponding to the given string.
@raise ValueError: If the group name is supplied and L{grp} is not
available.
"""
try:
return int(gidString)
except ValueError:
if grp is None:
raise
return grp.getgrnam(gidString)[2]
def runAsEffectiveUser(euid, egid, function, *args, **kwargs):
"""
Run the given function wrapped with seteuid/setegid calls.
This will try to minimize the number of seteuid/setegid calls, comparing
current and wanted permissions
@param euid: effective UID used to call the function.
@type euid: C{int}
@type egid: effective GID used to call the function.
@param egid: C{int}
@param function: the function run with the specific permission.
@type function: any callable
@param *args: arguments passed to C{function}
@param **kwargs: keyword arguments passed to C{function}
"""
uid, gid = os.geteuid(), os.getegid()
if uid == euid and gid == egid:
return function(*args, **kwargs)
else:
if uid != 0 and (uid != euid or gid != egid):
os.seteuid(0)
if gid != egid:
os.setegid(egid)
if euid != 0 and (euid != uid or gid != egid):
os.seteuid(euid)
try:
return function(*args, **kwargs)
finally:
if euid != 0 and (uid != euid or gid != egid):
os.seteuid(0)
if gid != egid:
os.setegid(gid)
if uid != 0 and (uid != euid or gid != egid):
os.seteuid(uid)
def runWithWarningsSuppressed(suppressedWarnings, f, *args, **kwargs):
"""
Run C{f(*args, **kwargs)}, but with some warnings suppressed.
Unlike L{twisted.internet.utils.runWithWarningsSuppressed}, it has no
special support for L{twisted.internet.defer.Deferred}.
@param suppressedWarnings: A list of arguments to pass to filterwarnings.
Must be a sequence of 2-tuples (args, kwargs).
@param f: A callable.
@param args: Arguments for C{f}.
@param kwargs: Keyword arguments for C{f}
@return: The result of C{f(*args, **kwargs)}.
"""
with warnings.catch_warnings():
for a, kw in suppressedWarnings:
warnings.filterwarnings(*a, **kw)
return f(*args, **kwargs)
__all__ = [
"uniquify", "padTo", "getPluginDirs", "addPluginDir", "sibpath",
"getPassword", "println", "makeStatBar", "OrderedDict",
"InsensitiveDict", "spewer", "searchupwards", "LineLog",
"raises", "IntervalDifferential", "FancyStrMixin", "FancyEqMixin",
"switchUID", "SubclassableCStringIO", "mergeFunctionMetadata",
"nameToLabel", "uidFromString", "gidFromString", "runAsEffectiveUser",
"untilConcludes", "runWithWarningsSuppressed", "_replaceIf",
]
if _PY3:
__notported__ = ["SubclassableCStringIO", "makeStatBar"]
for name in __all__[:]:
if name in __notported__:
__all__.remove(name)
del globals()[name]
del name, __notported__